First Aid

First Aid & Emergency Treatment Guide

First Aid is the temporary help given to an injured or a sick person before professional medical treatment can be provided. This timely assistance, comprising of simple medical techniques, is most critical to the victims and is, often, life saving. Any layperson can be trained to administer first aid, which can be carried out using minimal equipments. Basic training in first aid skills should be taught in school, in work places and, in general, be learnt by all, as it is mandatory to our modern and stressful life.

ACNE

What is ACNE ?

	1.	It is a group of skin rashes
	2.	Acne Vulgaris, popularly called pimples, affects face
	3.	Caused by blocked hair follicles
	4.	Commonly affects the young

Causes

	1.	Increase in sex hormones during puberty
	2.	Oil glands of skin produce more secretions
	3.	Dead cells and secretions block hair follicles causing infections
	4.	Infected follicles gets inflamed leading to acne

Factors that can worsen your Acne

	1.	Hormonal changes during menses.
	2.	Squeezing of pimples
	3.	Pollution and high humidity
	4.	Oily diet

Myths associated with the cause of Acne

	1.	Chocolates, junk food, dirty skin, and stress cause acne
	2.	No scientific backing for these myths

Treatment

	1.	Consult a skin specialist or dermatologist
	2.	Common medications include - Benzoyl peroxide Resorcinol Salicylic acid Sulfur drugs

Skin Care

	1.	Clean skin with mild Cleanser
	2.	Avoid squeezing of pimples
	3.	Avoid sunburn
	4.	Use oil-free cosmetics
	5.	Avoid fizzy drinks
	6.	Eat a balanced diet
	7.	Drink plenty of fluids

Anaphylaxis

What is Anaphylaxis?

	1.	Severe, life- threatening allergic reaction
	2.	Occurs as a reaction to an allergen
	3.	Anaphylaxis releases various chemicals in body
	4.	Reactions occur in secs / mins of exposure
	5.	Occurs in 30 per 100,000 individuals per year

Causes

	1.	Food like nuts, milk, eggs, fish
	2.	Insect sting
	3.	Latex
	4.	Vaccines
	5.	Medications like antibiotics, anesthetics
	6.	Medications like antibiotics, anesthetics
	7.	Medications like antibiotics, anesthetics

What happens ?

	1.	On first exposure-allergen specific antibody, Ig-E, produced
	2.	On re-exposure, Ig-E triggers immune response
	3.	This immune response is anaphylaxis

Symptoms

	1.	Tingling / warm sensation
	2.	Itchiness / Rash
	3.	Swelling of areas around mouth / throat
	4.	Restricted air-ways
	5.	Reduced oxygen level in brain
	6.	Signs of asthma
	7.	Vomiting
	8.	Cramps
	9.	Diarrhea
	10.	Fluid–filled lungs
	11.	Low blood pressure
	12.	Palpitations / feeling faint
	13.	Loss of consciousness

Who is at risk?

	1.	Those with history of food allergy
	2.	Those with family history of allergies
	3.	Those who have experienced prior attack

Treatment

	1.	If nauseated, lie down on the side
	2.	If feeling faint, lie down, legs raised
	3.	In case of breathing difficulty, sit up
	4.	First time patients should be hospital treated
	5.	Epinephrine injections – effective treatment
	6.	Continuous monitoring mandatory
	7.	Severity/ response / prior episodes determine treatment

Prevention

	1.	Avoid allergens as far as possible
	2.	Those at risk should carry adrenalin auto-injector
	3.	Inform school authorities, if children at risk
	4.	Children should wear food allergy badges
	5.	Emergency protocols necessary in schools/ work place
	6.	Educating the public is vital

Animal Bites

Overview

	1.	Domestic pets cause more bites
	2.	Dogs more likely to bite, cats more infectious
	3.	Risk of rabies with non-immunized pets / wild animals

Symptoms

	1.	Skin break
	2.	Bruise / puncture
	3.	Cuts
	4.	Bleeding
	5.	Swelling and redness of the area
	6.	Oozing of fluid

Treatment

	1.	Calm the affected person
	2.	Wash hands before attending to wound
	3.	Wash wound with soap & running water
	4.	Apply antibiotic ointment
	5.	Dress using sterile bandage
	6.	After first aid, medical treatment must be sought quickly
	7.	Suturing may be required
	8.	Tetanus booster / antibiotics required
	9.	Treatment depends on type / location of wound

Prevention

	1.	Avoid keeping wild animals as pets
	2.	Choose a pet that is friendly to children
	3.	Train the pet to obey commands
	4.	Vaccinate your pet
	5.	When children are around, pets supervision is required
	6.	Avoid leaving infants alone with pets

Asthma

Overview

	1.	It is a chronic lung disease
	2.	It creates narrowing of air passages of the lung
	3.	Produces difficulty in breathing.

Symptoms

	1.	Wheezing
	2.	Cough and cold
	3.	Tightness in the chest
	4.	Sticky mucus
	5.	Disturbed sleep
	6.	Breathlessness

Causes

	1.	Hereditary factors
	2.	Environmental factors like dust, mite, pollen
	3.	Occupational exposure to irritants
	4.	Dietary Changes
	5.	Lack of exercise

Asthma Triggering Factors

	1.	Colds and viruses
	2.	Irritants like Cigarette smoke, scent, pollution
	3.	Cold air or change in weather
	4.	Physical exertion
	5.	Allergens like dust, mite, pollen, furs
	6.	Some medications
	7.	Infections
	8.	Stress

Myths about asthma

	1.	It is contagious
	2.	It cannot be controlled
	3.	Asthma medicines are addictive

Management of Asthma

	1.	Asthma cannot be cured, but it can be controlled
	2.	Keep the house clean
	3.	Use hardwood floors or tile
	4.	Avoid carpets in house
	5.	Avoid pets with fur or feathers
	6.	Use clean bed sheets & pillow covers
	7.	Use bed made of synthetic materials
	8.	Use air conditioner
	9.	Maintain low humidity at home

Treatment

	1.	Anti-inflammatory drugs include: Steroid Inhalers Sodium Chromoglycate
	2.	Treatment –Bronchodilators
	3.	Common bronchodilators include: Salbutamol Inhalers Terbutaline Tabs
	4.	Consult your Pulmonologist

Famous sports person with asthma

	1.	Ian Botham (Cricketer)
	2.	Jackie Joyner Kersee (Athlete)
	3.	Mark Spitz (Swimmer)

Back pain

What is Back Pain ?

	1.	Short-term, acute pain in the back
	2.	Indicates that body is under stress

Causes

	1.	Bones and ligaments of spine
	2.	Muscles and nerves of the Back

Back pain triggered by

	1.	Poor posture
	2.	Inappropriate footwear
	3.	Incorrect walking habits
	4.	Strained muscles
	5.	Prolonged sitting
	6.	Sleeping on soft mattresses
	7.	Kidney, bladder, or prostate disorders
	8.	Pregnancy
	9.	Constipation
	10.	Stress

Back pain triggered by

	1.	Rest in a comfortable position
	2.	Apply ice pack to affected area
	3.	Painkillers or relaxants may be used
	4.	Avoid strenuous exercise
	5.	Avoid pillows
	6.	Avoid sleeping on soft mattress

Treatment

	1.	Anti-inflammatory drugs
	2.	Massage with hot/ cold packs
	3.	Massage with hot/ cold packs
	4.	Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulator(TENS)
	5.	Regular simple exercises
	6.	Consult an Orthopedician if: Pain persists Difficulty in passing urine Numbness or pain in legs or toes

Prevention

	1.	Maintain good posture
	2.	Do not smoke
	3.	Avoid overstretching body
	4.	Reduce stress/ strain
	5.	Take breaks during work
	6.	Sit straight with lower back support
	7.	Use comfortable low-heeled shoes
	8.	Do stretching exercises

Black Eye

What is Black eye?

	1.	A bruise in the tissues around the eye/eyes
	2.	Results from injury to face/head
	3.	Causes swelling and dark coloration of eye
	4.	Hence, "black eye"
	5.	Usually a minor problem
	6.	Sometimes it indicates a serious injury
	7.	One or both eye affected

Causes

	1.	Blow to eye / nose
	2.	Facial surgical procedures
	3.	Allergies
	4.	Bites

Symptoms

	1.	Discoloration of eye
	2.	Swelling
	3.	Blow to nose causes swelling of eye
	4.	Head injuries may blacken/swell eyes
	5.	Pain
	6.	Blurry vision due to swelling
	7.	Headache

Symptoms of severity

	1.	Persistent headache
	2.	Double vision
	3.	Inability to move eye/eyes
	4.	Blood on eye surface
	5.	Blood/fluid issue from nose, ears
	6.	Loss of consciousness
	7.	Loss of sight

Treatment

	1.	Black eyes generally heals within a few days
	2.	Consult with specialist for serious injuries

Home remedy

	1.	Apply ice for 20 min/hour, first two days
	2.	If not better, apply warm compress once in two hours
	3.	Do not use ice directly
	4.	Wrap ice in cloth or use commercial pack
	5.	Continue cold compress till severity eases
	6.	Take acetaminophen, for pain relief
	7.	Avoid aspirins / non-steroidal medications
	8.	These medications may cause bleeding
	9.	Stay away from strenuous activity
	10.	See a medical specialist as soon as possible

Treatment for complications

	1.	For head injuries-Neurosurgeon
	2.	For nose injuries-ENT specialist
	3.	For eye injuries-Ophthalmologist
	4.	For face
	5.	Injuries/disfigurement-Plastic surgeon
	6.	Carry out follow-up as advised by doctor

Prevention

	1.	Protect your eyes always
	2.	Ensure safety at home by removing unwanted objects
	3.	Avoid fist fights

Bleeding Gums

Overview

	1.	Progressive disease affecting oral cavity
	2.	Characterized by chronic bleeding of gums
	3.	May lead to tooth loss

Causes

	1.	Poor oral hygiene
	2.	Inadequate plaque removal
	3.	Oral trauma, like toothbrush abrasion
	4.	Inflammation caused by infection
	5.	Vitamin C / K deficiency
	6.	Hot food
	7.	Chemical irritants
	8.	Leukemia
	9.	Pregnancy

Treatment

	1.	Apply pressure using ice-pack
	2.	Mouth rinse: Pinch of salt in lukewarm water
	3.	Rinse twice a day to reduce swelling
	4.	Consult a dentist if bleeding continues
	5.	Avoid aspirin intake
	6.	Massage gums regularly
	7.	Reline poorly fitted dentures
	8.	Take vitamin supplements if necessary

Prevention

	1.	Avoid Tobacco
	2.	Avoid snacking between meals
	3.	Reduce Carbohydrate- rich food
	4.	Remove plaque every 6 months
	5.	Brush teeth using soft-bristled brush
	6.	Floss teeth regularly

Blisters

What are Blisters?

	1.	Occurs due to friction caused by constant rubbing of shoes / clothes
	2.	Outer skin layer separates from inner layer
	3.	The space in-between fills up with fluid
	4.	Common in athletes, trekkers, rowers
	5.	Also seen in people using new shoes

Fever Blisters

	1.	Fever blisters appear in /around mouth
	2.	Fever blisters caused by virus, Herpes Simplex
	3.	Type-1 Herpes virus usually involved in fever blisters
	4.	These blisters are contagious
	5.	Recurrent episodes may occur
	6.	Recurrence due to stress/illness/injury/sunlight

Symptoms

	1.	Bubble-like structures on skin
	2.	Redness over the area
	3.	Itching
	4.	Pain

Treatment

	1.	Make a hole at the edge of blister
	2.	Use a sterilized needle or pin
	3.	Pin/needle sterilized by passing over flame
	4.	Drain the accumulated fluid
	5.	Keep skin intact to prevent infection
	6.	Clean blister with gauze containing iodine/alcohol
	7.	Apply antibiotic ointment
	8.	Cover with adhesive bandage for small blister
	9.	Use porous, bandage for large ones
	10.	Do not puncture blister if painless
	11.	Do not puncture a blood-filled blister
	12.	Blisters disappear in a few days time
	13.	Diabetics should consult doctor

Managing for fever (Oral) blisters

	1.	No permanent cure/vaccination for Herpes infection
	2.	Keep blisters dry & free of infection
	3.	Eat a bland diet

Prevention

	1.	Wear the right size shoe
	2.	Cover the potential area with taping
	3.	Keep feet dry always
	4.	Avoid touching blisters
	5.	Avoid contact with an infected person
	6.	Avoid stressful situations

Bruises (Hematoma)

Overview

	1.	Bruises are injuries to the soft tissue
	2.	It is an 'area of discoloration' on the skin
	3.	Other names - Hematoma, Contusion
	4.	Can last for days to several months

Causes

	1.	Sports Injuries
	2.	Accidents
	3.	Falls
	4.	Blows from objects/people
	5.	Chances increase if taking medications, like Aspirin

Types

	1.	Subcutaneous-underneath the skin
	2.	Intramuscular - within the underlying muscles
	3.	Periosteal-bruise related to bone

Related events

	1.	Small veins and capillaries under the skin breaks
	2.	Blood escapes and collects under skin
	3.	In the beginning bruises look purplish or red
	4.	In 2 days it may change to black or blue color
	5.	It changes to a green/yellow color in 5 days
	6.	Changes to a brown shade in 10-14 days
	7.	It further lightens and fades away
	8.	The changing colors indicates red cell metabolism

Symptoms

	1.	Pain
	2.	Swelling
	3.	Discoloration

Treatment

	1.	Most bruises vanish in 2 weeks time
	2.	No bandage required if skin is not broken
	3.	Keep bruised area raised
	4.	Apply cold compress, ½ hr to one hr at a time
	5.	Continue this for two days
	6.	Avoid draining the bruise using needle
	7.	Do not apply ice directly on skin
	8.	Can take pain killing medications, like acetaminophen
	9.	Avoid using the bruised part
	10.	For more serious injury consult a doctor
	11.	Consult also in case of spontaneous injury/infection
	12.	Protein-bioflavinoids-Vit C rich food helps healing

Treatment

	1.	Teach children safety measures
	2.	Avoid falls around house
	3.	Wear seat belts while driving
	4.	Wear helmet while riding
	5.	While sporting, pad frequently- bruised areas

Burns

What are burns?

	1.	Injuries due to heat/ chemicals/ electricity/ radiation
	2.	Common heat injuries due to fire, hot liquids, steam
	3.	Burns due to heat / chemicals - through skin contact
	4.	Severe burns affect muscles, fat and bones
	5.	Older people/ children - particularly vulnerable

Categories of burns

	1.	First, second and third degree
	2.	Categorization depends on severity of tissue damage
	3.	Check extent of burn before deciding self treatment
	4.	Seek help if burn is over a couple of inches in diameter
	5.	If it involves large sections of the hands, feet, face, groin or buttocks, or a major joint

First-degree burns

	1.	Injuries are superficial / mild
	2.	Swelling& redness of the injured area
	3.	Pain develops
	4.	No blisters seen
	5.	Burned area becomes white on touch
	6.	Takes 3-6 days to heal

Treatment

	1.	Remove patient from heat source
	2.	Remove the burnt clothing
	3.	Run cool water over burnt area
	4.	Gently clean the injured area
	5.	Gently dry
	6.	Apply anti biotic such as Silver Sulphadiazine
	7.	Use a sterile bandage to cover burns
	8.	Take tetanus vaccination, if required

Second-degree burns

	1.	Burns extends to middle skin layer, dermis
	2.	Swelling, redness and pain observed
	3.	Burnt area may turn white on touch
	4.	Blisters develop, that ooze a clear fluid
	5.	Scars may develop
	6.	Restricts movement, if injury occurs at joint
	7.	Dehydration may occur
	8.	Healing time varies, depends on extent of injury

Treatment

	1.	Clean the affected area thoroughly
	2.	Gently dry
	3.	Apply antibiotic cream over affected area
	4.	Make the patient lie down
	5.	Keep burnt body part at a raised level
	6.	Skin graft may be required
	7.	Physical therapy may be essential to aid mobility
	8.	Splints may be used to rest affected joints
	9.	Hospitalization is essential

Third-degree burns

	1.	Damage occurs to all 3 skin layers
	2.	Destroys adjacent hair follicles, sweat glands, nerve endings
	3.	Lack of pain due to destroyed nerves
	4.	Injured area does not turn white on touch
	5.	No blisters observed
	6.	Swelling occurs
	7.	Skin develops leathery texture
	8.	Discoloration of skin observed
	9.	Scars develop
	10.	Crusty surfaces (Eschars) develop-impairs circulation
	11.	Dehydration occurs resulting in shock
	12.	Symptoms may worsen with time
	13.	Disfigurement may result
	14.	Healing depends on extent of injury
	15.	90% body surface injury results in death
	16.	60% injury in elderly, fatal

Treatment

	1.	Requires immediate hospital care
	2.	Dehydration treated through intravenous fluid supply
	3.	Oxygen is administered
	4.	Eschars are surgically opened
	5.	Periodically run clean cool water over burns
	6.	Nutritious diet helps to heal quickly
	7.	Regular monitoring essential
	8.	Mental Depression treated by anti-depressants

Prevention

	1.	Install smoke alarm in your home
	2.	Employ 'children friendly' safety measures at home
	3.	Avoid synthetic clothing while cooking
	4.	Carry out fire drills at home and work place

Cardio-pulmonary Resuscitation (CPR)

About Cardiac Arrest

	1.	Often caused by abnormal heart rhythm
	2.	This aberrant rhythm is ventricular fibrillation (VF)
	3.	During VF heart stops pumping blood
	4.	Patient may stop breathing
	5.	No pulse may be detected
	6.	A shock to the heart, called defibrillation, required
	7.	Defibrillation stops VF, restores heart function

What is CPR?

	1.	Emergency life-saving measure
	2.	Combination of rescue breathing & chest compressions
	3.	Done on unconscious/ non-breathing patient
	4.	Done on persons suffering cardiac arrest
	5.	Also for near-drowning/ asphyxiation/ trauma cases
	6.	CPR conducts defibrillation
	7.	Supports heart pumping for short duration
	8.	Allows oxygen to reach brain
	9.	Buys time till help arrives
	10.	More effective when done as early as possible

The Vital Steps Clear the airway

	1.	Assess if the person is conscious / breathing
	2.	Lay the person on his back on a hard surface
	3.	Using a head tilt -chin lift open his airway
	4.	Check for breathing sound
	5.	If not breathing, start mouth-to-mouth breathing

Mouth- to-mouth breathing

	1.	Pinch the person's nostril shut
	2.	Seal his mouth with your own
	3.	Give the first breath, lasting one second
	4.	Watch if chest rises
	5.	If it rises, give second rescue breath
	6.	If it does not rise, give a head tilt- chin lift
	7.	Now give second rescue breath

Restore circulation through compression

	1.	Place heel of your palm on patient's chest
	2.	Place your other hand above first
	3.	Keep elbows straight
	4.	Push down using upper body weight (compress)
	5.	Push hard and fast
	6.	After 30 compressions, clear airway
	7.	Give two rescue breaths
	8.	This is one cycle
	9.	Give 100 compressions /minute
	10.	Continue CPR till medical help arrives

CPR for children (under 8 yrs/ infant)

	1.	Procedure almost same as for adult
	2.	Following details should be incorporated
	3.	20 breaths/min should be delivered
	4.	100 compressions/minute should be given
	5.	Chest compressions - given with one hand

Prognosis

	1.	If done well, CPR saves life
	2.	Normalcy is restored in rescued person
	3.	CPR can also be ineffective, causing death
	4.	In some cases, causes injuries / damages

Caution

	1.	Ribs/heart/lungs/ liver may be injured
	2.	After CPR, medical attention should be given

CPR training

	1.	CPR - practical skill acquired through training
	2.	Professional training/ regular practice mandatory
	3.	CPR not confined to medical professionals
	4.	Community organizations, like Red Cross, conduct training

Chemical Splash in the Eye

Overview
When a toxic chemical is splashed into the eye(s), it could cause serious complications that may lead to blindness.

Causes

	1.	Working with chemicals in factories
	2.	Handling car battery
	3.	Working in research laboratories
	4.	Handling household chemicals

Symptoms

	1.	Irritation in eye
	2.	Eye Burns
	3.	Watering of the eye

Treatment

	1.	Lay the person on the floor
	2.	Keep eye lids open forcibly
	3.	Use clean cold water to wash eyes gently
	4.	Keep washing steadily for at least 20 minutes
	5.	Rinse/wash hands thoroughly to remove chemical
	6.	If wearing contact lens remove them
	7.	Do not rub eyes
	8.	Do not use eye drops until told
	9.	Wear sunglasses to minimize irritation
	10.	After these basic steps seek medical help
	11.	Remember the name of chemical to tell doctor

Prevention

	1.	If working with chemicals, wear protective face-mask
	2.	Wear eye goggles whenever required
	3.	Do not be careless with chemicals
	4.	Store household chemicals safely
	5.	Keep chemicals out of reach of children

Chest pain

Overview
Feeling of pain /discomfort between neck and abdomen

	1.	Chest pain raises fear of heart attack
	2.	Any tissue or organ in chest can cause pain
	3.	'Angina' is heart- related chest pain

Causes

	1.	Some mild, others life threatening
	2.	Problems related to the heart
	3.	Asthma
	4.	Some mild, others life threatening
	5.	Problems related to the heart
	6.	Asthma
	7.	Pneumonia
	8.	Inflammation in the lung
	9.	Inflammation / strain of rib muscle
	10.	Anxiety
	11.	Indigestion / ulcers in stomach
	12.	Gall bladder stones
	13.	Shingles
	14.	Stress

Symptoms

	1.	Pain or pressure in chest area
	2.	May be accompanied by Heartburn Resorcinol Vomiting acid Dizziness Shortness of breath Fever

Treatment

	1.	If you have asthma or angina take your regular medications
	2.	Medicines like acetaminophen and ibuprofen may help
	3.	Consult a doctor if Pain /fever /cough persists Radiating pain occurs Angina occurs at rest The cough produces yellow -green phlegm Pressure / tightness occurs Nausea Dizziness Shortness of breath Sweating
	4.	Hospitalization may be essential
	5.	Tests like ECG, may have to be taken

Prevention

	1.	Maintain normal weight
	2.	Exercise regularly for 30 - 40 minutes
	3.	Check and control BP, diabetes, cholesterol
	4.	Avoid smoking
	5.	Eat low fat balanced diet
	6.	Get health check ups done regularly
	7.	Control stress

Chicken pox

What is Chicken Pox?

	1.	Common childhood disease
	2.	Infection mild in children
	3.	Serious in infants/ adults
	4.	Chances of recurrence present
	5.	World-wide incidence

Causes

	1.	Caused by virus, Varicella-Zoster
	2.	Spreads through air & contact
	3.	Contagious till blisters disappear

Symptoms

	1.	Rashes all over body
	2.	Fever
	3.	Blisters
	4.	Uncontrollable itching
	5.	Pneumonia
	6.	Brain damage in severe cases

Treatment

	1.	Take luke-warm baths
	2.	Avoid aspirin
	3.	Trim fingernails to avoid skin damage
	4.	Drink cold fluids
	5.	Acyclovir effectively treats chicken pox
	6.	Fever treated with Acetaminophen/ibuprofen
	6.	Consult a GP /child specialist if: Rashes involve eyes Fever is 103 °F or more Infection persists

Prevention

Infected person should remain home-bound

Vaccination

First dose given between 12-18 months

Vaccination should not be given to:

	a.	Those allergic to gelatin, neomycin
	b.	Pregnant women
	c.	The immuno-compromised

Choking

Overview

	1.	Occurs when foreign object is lodged in windpipe
	2.	This blocks oxygen supply to brain
	3.	In adults, choking occurs due to food
	4.	In children it also occurs on swallowing an object

Causes

	1.	Swallowing a large piece of food
	2.	Swallowing food that is not well chewed
	3.	Eating food quickly
	4.	Eating and talking
	5.	Consuming alcohol before a meal
	6.	Wearing dentures
	7.	Being careless about children
	8.	Walking / playing with food in mouth

Symptoms

	1.	Hands will grasp throat
	2.	Breathlessness
	3.	Noisy breathing
	4.	Inability to cough
	5.	Skin, nails and lips may turn blue
	6.	Loss of consciousness

Treatment

	1.	Heimlich maneuver and CPR –2 techniques
	2.	If person is unable to talk, try Heimlich maneuver
	3.	Forces the diaphragm upto the lungs
	4.	Creates an artificial cough

Heimlich Maneuver on a standing person

	1.	Stand behind the person
	2.	Form a fist with one hand
	3.	Place fist below ribcage, thumb inward
	4.	Hold the fist with other hand
	5.	Keep arms off ribcage
	6.	Give four inward and upward thrust
	7.	Repeat till the object is ejected
	8.	Same method is used for a child too

Heimlich Maneuver On an Unconscious Person

	1.	If person is lying down, straddle the person with your knees
	2.	Place heel of one hand above waistline
	3.	Place other hand over the first
	4.	Give four inward and upward thrust
	5.	Repeat till object is coughed out

Heimlich Maneuver On an Infant

	1.	Place your forearm over your raised knees
	2.	Place the infant face down over your fore arm
	3.	Give four blows using the heel of your hand
	4.	Repeat till object comes out
	5.	If it does not work, turn the baby
	6.	Place two fingers an inch below the imaginary line connecting nipples
	7.	Give four thrusts forcefully to bring out the object
	8.	Repeat if required

Prevention

	1.	While eating, concentrate on the task
	2.	Do not eat quickly, without chewing
	3.	Supervise children while they eat
	4.	Give easily chewable, soft food to children
	5.	Do not leave tiny objects within the reach of children

Corneal Abrasion

Overview

	1.	Cornea is outer layer of the eye
	2.	Tearing away of this layer leads to corneal abrasion.
	3.	Most common injury to the eye
	4.	Multiple nerve endings present in cornea, hence painful

Causes

	1.	A finger nail
	2.	Any sharp flying object like pencil, glass
	3.	Tiny particles, like sand
	4.	Contact lens

Symptoms

	1.	Pain
	2.	Redness of the eye
	3.	Blurred vision
	4.	Discomfort in the eye
	5.	Difficulty in opening eyes
	6.	Head ache
	7.	Discharge of tears

Treatment

	1.	Antibiotic used to prevent infection
	2.	Examination is done after using an anaesthetic
	3.	Pain returns after anaesthetic is stopped
	4.	Repeated usage of anaesthetic is harmful
	5.	Eye ointments, pain relievers are provided
	6.	A ‘patch’ may be put on the eyes
	7.	Eye ointments/ lubricants at night prevents recurrence

Do Not

	1.	Do not rub eyes during healing phase
	2.	This may destroy the newly forming cells
	3.	Repatching may then be necessary
	4.	Do not wear contact lens till cured

Prognosis

	1.	Small corneal abrasions heal quickly
	2.	Blurriness may last for a few weeks
	3.	Permanent loss of sight is rare
	4.	Occasionally abrasions may recur

Prevention

	1.	Always follow instructions while using contact lens
	2.	Do not wear contact lens for too long
	3.	Remove lens if irritation /dryness occurs
	4.	Do not rub eyes too hard
	5.	Wash hands whenever required
	6.	Trim your nails regularly
	7.	Be careful while using ‘glitter’ make up
	8.	Wear protective gears while sporting

Cuts

What is Cut?
An injury due to opening in the skin

Minor Cuts / Scrapings

	1.	No treatment is required
	2.	Care required to prevent infection

Treatment for Minor Cuts

	1.	Clean wound with water
	2.	Avoid soap
	3.	Remove dirt/debris in the wound
	4.	Apply antibiotic ointment
	5.	Dress/ bandage the wound
	6.	Change dressing daily
	7.	Minor cuts stop bleeding in10 min
	8.	Apply gentle pressure if bleeding persists

Deep cuts

	1.	May bleed heavily
	2.	May expose underlying tissues

Treatment For Deep Cuts

	1.	May require stitching
	2.	Requires Tetanus Toxoid (TT) if: Cut is dirty or has debris TT taken 5 years ago
	3.	Consult a doctor in case of: Delayed wound- healing Pus Discharge Fever

Points to note

	1.	Do not try to clean a major wound
	2.	Do not remove deeply- lodged debris
	3.	Do not breathe on an open wound
	4.	Do not push back exposed body parts

Dandruff

What is Dandruff?

	1.	White flakes of dead skin
	2.	Dandruff mostly affects scalp
	3.	Not a health hazard but a nuisance

Symptoms

Itchy, scaly scalp

Causes

	1.	A fungus, Malassezia
	2.	It feeds on scalp's natural oils
	3.	Produces acid which causes itch
	4.	Other factors- Climate Stress Hormone production Oily skin Food habits

Treatment

	1.	Use anti-dandruff, conditioner-based shampoo
	2.	Rinse scalp for 5 minutes with shampoo
	3.	If resistant, apply 1 % hydrocortisone cream
	4.	If severe, consult a dermatologist /trichologist

Prevention

	1.	Cannot be prevented but managed
	2.	Use good quality shampoo
	3.	Wash hair frequently
	4.	Avoid using gels/ waxes
	5.	Eat a healthy diet

Related infections

Psoriasis, Impetigo, Tinea capitis

Diabetes

What is Diabetes?

	1.	Chronic health condition
	2.	Insufficient insulin produced /used
	3.	Affects sugar breakdown

Introduction

	1.	Food eaten converted to glucose
	2.	Glucose produces energy
	3.	Insulin breaks down glucose
	4.	Diabetics do not sufficiently produce or use insulin
	5.	Causes blood sugar build-up in blood

Types

A. Type I diabetes

Mostly occurs in children/young adult

Insulin production affected

B. Type II diabetes

Mostly occur in adults

Body is partially/ fully insulin resistant

Blood sugar level increases

C. Gestational diabetes

Occurs in pregnant women

Causes problems in mother and baby

Symptoms

	1.	Increased thirst
	2.	Excessive urination
	3.	Weight loss
	4.	Weakness
	5.	Vision changes
	6.	Dry skin / dehydration
	7.	Numbness in hands/ feet

Diagnosis

	1.	Fasting blood glucose level> 126 mg/dL
	2.	Random Blood Glucose> 200 mg/dL

Complications of diabetes

	1.	Diabetic Retinopathy (eye)
	2.	Kidney Disease
	3.	Heart Disease and Stroke
	4.	Nerve Disease
	5.	Impotence (sexual disorder)

Treatment

A. Type I diabetes

	1.	Daily Insulin injections
	2.	Insulin cannot be taken as a pill

B. Type II diabetes

	1.	Healthy diet and exercise brings down glucose level.
	2.	Some people need diabetic medicine or insulin

C. Medications lower blood glucose level

	1.	Sulfonylurea drugs & Meglitinedes: Produces insulin in the pancreas
	2.	Biguanides: decreases glucose in liver
	3.	µ- glucosidase inhibitors: Slows the absorption of starch
	4.	Consult a diabetologist or general physician

Dislocation

About Dislocation

	1.	An injury which forces bones out of their sockets
	2.	Dislocation is a common sports injury
	3.	It temporarily deforms or immobilizes the joint

Causes

	1.	Usually caused by a trauma like a fall/blow
	2.	Rheumatoid arthritis also causes dislocation

Symptoms

	1.	Pain
	2.	Tenderness
	3.	Difficulty to move injured part
	4.	Swelling
	5	Discoloration

Treatment

	1.	Call medical help as soon as possible
	2.	Do not move the joint or try to place it back
	3.	Place ice to control swelling
	4.	If skin is cut, clean gently and bandage with sterile gauze
	5	Sling or splint the injury in its original position
	6.	If injury is serious, check for breathing
	7.	If not breathing, provide Cardio pulmonary esuscitation (CPR) Elevate the feet up to 12 inches
	8	Cover the patient with a blanket

Prevention

	1.	Wear protective gear while sporting
	2.	Make home environment safe
	3.	Teach safe habits to children
	4.	Do not stand on chairs or other unstable objects
	5	Exercise care while using bath oils
	6.	Make use of hand rails while using the stairs

Fever

Overview

	1.	Fever is higher-than-normal body temperature (Normal temparature-370C or 98.60F)
	2.	Indicates an abnormal process in the body
	3.	Fever is a symptom and not disease
	4.	Also called 'pyrexia'
	5	Low fever:98.80F to 100.80F
	6.	Mild to moderate:1010F to 1030F
	7.	High fever:1040F and above

Causes

	1.	Hot weather
	2.	Childhood immunization
	3.	Bacterial/viral infection
	4.	Spending much time in sun
	5	Allergy to medication / food

Symptoms

	1.	Hot flushed face
	2.	Lack of interest in food
	3.	Nausea
	4.	Vomiting
	5.	Head and body ache
	6.	Constipation
	7.	Diarrhea
	8.	High fevermaybe associated with - Delirium Stress Convulsion

Treatment

	1.	Monitor temperature using a thermometer
	2.	Remove the excess clothing
	3.	Keep the person in a cool place
	4.	Give a sponge bath in luke warm water
	5	Give plenty of fluids
	6.	Give prescribed doses of acetaminophen /paracetamol
	7.	Do not give aspirin to a person with fever
	8.	Do not wrap the person in blankets / warm clothing
	9.	Consult a Doctor in case of - Irregular breathing Stiff neck Confusion Rashes Persistent sore throat Vomiting Diarrhea Painful urination Convulsions

Food Borne Illness

	1.	Occurs by eating contaminated food
	2.	Brought about by bacterial/viral/ parasitic toxins
	3.	Bacteria is most common cause of food contamination
	4.	Bacteria is present in most raw food
	5.	Raw meat /poultry/ sea food/ eggs: increased risk
	6.	Tomatoes/sprout /lettuceare also contamination-prone
	7.	Contamination occurs between production and preparation
	8.	Children/pregnant women/ elderlcy/immuno-deficient at greater risk

Symptoms

	1.	Resembles intestinal flu
	2.	Lasts for few days or weeks

Common Symptoms are

Nausea

Abdominal cramps

vomiting

Diarrhea, which may be bloody

Fever

Dehydration

Common Symptoms are

Shallow breath

Rapid pulse

Pale skin

Chills

Chest pain

Dehydration

Severity may lead to hemolytic uremic syndrome, in children

Deaths may occur due to severe complications

Treatment

	1.	Most cases are mild and are treated by taking fluids
	2.	Fluids may be taken orally or intravenously
	3.	Severe cases must be hospitalized

Prevention

	1.	Wash hands well before preparing food
	2.	Clean surfaces and kitchen counters before cooking
	3.	Cook food at appropriate temperatures enough to kill bacteria
	3.	Refrigerate food within two hours of cooking

Allow enough space in fridge for cool air circulation

Foreign Object In The Ear

Overview

	1.	Any outside object lodged inside ear canal
	2.	Not dislodged easily
	3.	An 'Otoscope' is used to identify object

Causes

	1.	On purpose, eg, a cotton swab used for cleaning
	2.	Accidental, especially among children
	3.	An insect that may have crept into the ear

Symptoms

	1.	Feeling of uneasiness/ discomfort
	2.	Pain
	3.	Dizziness
	4.	Infection
	5.	Discharge/blood oozing from ear
	6.	Dry cough, occasionally
	7.	Insect may bite/cause tickling sensation

Treatment

	1.	If object is protruding, use tweezers to remove
	2.	If object is small, shake head with ear facing downward
	3.	If it is insect, turn head to place affected ear upward
	4.	Place few drops of mineral oil/baby oil inside ear
	5.	Flush the insect out using clean water
	6.	Use oil only in case of insect
	7.	Otherwise it may lead to swelling
	8.	Seek medical help if required

Steps to Avoid

	1.	Do not push your finger into the ear
	2.	Do not strike the head to dislodge object
	3.	Do not shake a child to remove object
	4.	Do not try to remove object on your own
	5.	Do not block any discharge from ear
	6.	Do not try to clean the ears

Consult a doctor

	1.	If the object is not soft
	2.	If the object cannot be removed easily

Prognosis

	1.	There may be no problems once object is removed
	2.	Trying to remove object may tear the ear drum
	3.	This may lead to hearing loss

Prevention

	1.	Avoid using objects like tissues/ tooth pick to clean ears
	2.	Do not place anything inside ear without consulting doctor
	3.	Monitor children's actions

Foreign Object In The Eye

Overview

	1.	Any object that lodges itself in the eye
	2.	Small objects will be washed out by tears / blinking
	3.	Others need medical attention

Causes

	1.	Dust
	2.	Debris
	3.	Sand
	4.	Contact lens
	5.	Eye lash
	6.	Make up
	7.	Flying objects like glass

Symptoms

	1.	Itching
	2.	Irritation
	3.	Pain
	4.	Sensitivity to bright light
	5.	Blurry vision

Treatment

	1.	Wash hands before helping the victim
	2.	Seat the person in a lighted area
	3.	Gently examine the eye
	4.	Pull lower eyelid downward
	5.	Ask the person to look upward
	6.	Then hold upper eyelid while person looks down
	7.	If object is floating try flushing it out
	8.	Otherwise, touch the object with wet cotton bud
	9.	Object should cling to the cotton bud
	10.	If object is removed, flush eyes with saline/warm water
	11.	If object cannot be removed, see a doctor
	12.	If object is embedded, do not touch
	13.	Cover the eyes with paper cups and tape it
	14.	Consult doctor immediately

Steps to Avoid

	1.	Avoid rubbing eyes
	2.	Do not remove an embedded object
	3.	Do not try to remove a large object

Consult a doctor

	1.	When the object cannot be removed
	2.	When object is embedded
	3.	When the person's vision is affected
	4.	When the scratching sensation persists
	5.	When pain persists even after removing object

Prognosis

	1.	Depends on type of object and mode of entry
	2.	Glass/sharp objects may damage eye

Prevention

	1.	Wear protective eye gear at work, if necessary
	2.	Wear protective gears while playing sports

Exercise caution if using contact lens

Foreign Object In The Nose

Overview

	1.	Any outside object inserted into nose
	2.	Usually children are the affected ones
	3.	During play, they insert small objects into nostrils

Causes

	1.	Food particles
	2.	Erasers
	3.	Dried seeds
	4.	Objects, like crayons
	5.	Beads
	6.	Buttons

Symptoms

	1.	Irritation
	2.	Infection
	3.	Foul smelling / bloody discharge from nose
	4.	Breathing difficulty
	5.	Beads
	6.	Buttons

Treatment

	1.	The person must be urged to breathe through mouth
	2.	The person should avoid breathing with force
	3.	Close the unaffected nostril
	4.	Blow out gently through the affected nostril
	5.	Get medical aid if this method fails

Steps to Avoid

	1.	Do not probe an object which is not seen
	2.	Do not probe an object that is not easy to grasp
	3.	Do not blow nose too hard
	4.	Do not use sharp instruments to remove the object

Consult a doctor

	1.	When the object cannot be removed
	2.	When the victim suffers from infection

Prognosis

No problem expected once the object is removed

Prevention

Children must be trained not to put objects in body openings

Small objects must be kept out of reach of children

Foreign Object In The Skin

Overview

When object is lodged in the skin layers

It may be embedded superficially or deeply

Causes

	1.	Caused by glass
	2.	Wood splinters
	3.	Fiber glass

Symptoms

	1.	Irritation
	2.	Pain
	3.	Abscess

Treatment

	1.	Wash hands well
	2.	Clean the affected area using soap, water
	3.	If object is visible above skin, squeeze the area around
	4.	When object pops out, remove using sterile tweezer
	5.	If embedded under skin, use a sterile needle
	6.	Sterilize needle by flaming/wiping with alcohol
	7.	Use needle to break skin over affected area
	8.	Lift tip of the object
	9.	Use a small tweezer to pull it out
	10.	Gently squeeze the area and let bleed
	11.	Clean the area with soap, water. Pat dry
	12.	Apply an antibiotic

Steps to Avoid

	1.	Do not wet if the object is of wood
	2.	Wet wooden objects swell- becomes difficult to remove

Consult a doctor

	1.	If the object is difficult to remove
	2.	If the object is close to a sensitive body part, like the eye
	3.	In case of infection

Foreign Object When Swallowed

Overview

	1.	Most objects swallowed will be eliminated naturally
	2.	Sharp objects/objects like battery are dangerous
	3.	Sharp objects should be removed
	4.	Can happen to all ages
	5.	Common in children of 1-3 years

Causes

	1.	Certain food like popcorn
	2.	Coins
	3.	Small toys
	4.	Small objects like buttons, beads

Symptoms

	1.	Coughing
	2.	Difficulty in breathing
	3.	Wheezing

Treatment

	1.	If breathing is difficult, do Heimlich maneuver
	2.	Seek medical help as quickly as possible
	3.	On someone else Stand behind the person Tilt the person a little forward Make a fist with one hand Place it just above the navel Hold the fist with the other hand Give a hard upward thrust into the abdomen Repeat if required
	4.	On Oneself Make fist with one hand Place fist above navel Hold it with other hand Bend over a hard surface like a chair Hold the fist with the other hand Give hard upward thrust Repeat if required

Prevention

	1.	Do not give potentially dangerous food to children
	2.	Give small pieces of food to children
	3.	Avoid laughing / talking when eating

Fracture

What is fracture?

	1.	A broken or cracked bone
	2.	Occurs when pressure is applied to bone
	3.	Occurs with / without displacement of bone fragments

Types

	1.	Open fracture: Skin breaks causing open wound
	2.	Closed fracture: Skin not broken
	3.	Complicated fractures: Damage of adjacent organs
	4.	Stress fracture: Hairline crack due to repeated stress
	5.	Greenstick fracture: In children's flexible bones

Symptoms

	1.	Severe pain
	2.	Difficulty in movement
	3.	Swelling/ bruising / bleeding
	4.	Deformity / abnormal twist of limb
	5.	Tenderness on applying pressure

First-aid

	1.	Depends on type & location of fracture
	2.	For open fractures Control bleeding before treatment Rinse and dress the wound
	3.	For open / closed fractures Check the breathing Calm the person Examine for other injuries Immobilize the broken wound Apply ice to reduce pain / swelling Consult a doctor

DO NOT

	1.	Massage the affected area
	2.	Straighten the broken bone
	3.	Move without support to broken bone
	4.	Move joints above / below the fracture
	5.	Give oral liquids / food

Prevention

Wear protective pads / helmets when driving

Teach children / practice, safe habits

Frost Bite

Overview

	1.	Frostbite is damage caused by extreme cold to skin / tissues
	2.	At -15C or below, blood vessels constrict to preserve body temperature
	3.	When this state persists, tissue injury occurs
	4.	Frost bite usually affects tissues which are distant from the heart
	5.	It also occurs in tissues that are most exposed to cold
	5.	The organs that are usually affected are - Nose Ears Fingers Toes
	6.	Care should be taken to prevent permanent tissue damage

Risk Factors

	1.	Diabetes
	2.	Peripheral neuropathy
	3.	Use of beta-blockers

Symptoms

	1.	Skin Discolorations
	2.	Loose skin
	3.	Tingling/burning sensation
	4.	Partial/Complete numbness
	5.	In severe cases, Dry gangrene followed by amputation

Treatment

	1.	Get medical help as soon as possible. Meanwhile
	2.	Wrap the affected area using clean cloth
	3.	If no medical help is forthcoming - Move the victim to a warm place Treat hypothermia first. Cover the person well Keep the frost-bitten site in warm but not in hot water This should be done till sensations returns

Steps to Avoid

	1.	Do not rub / massage the affected area
	2.	Avoid treatment if a second round of cold exposure is anticipated
	3.	Treatment followed by freezing causes extensive damage

Prevention

	1.	Avoid - Extreme cold Wet clothes Chilly Wind
	2.	During cold weather, wear several layers of clothing
	3.	Wear accessories like- Mittens, not gloves Two pairs of socks Hat / scarves to cover both ears well
	4.	Get enough food and rest
	5.	Avoid alcohol immediately before exposure to cold
	6.	Avoid cotton clothing

Gastric Problems

What are Gastric Problems?

	1.	Occurs in stomach / oesophagus
	2.	Disturbance of gastric mucosa leads to acid secretion
	3.	Acids contact stomach nerve endings
	4.	Causes pain / discomfort

Types

	1.	May be acute / chronic
	2.	Acute gastric problem reduces quickly
	3.	Chronic gastric problems lead to ulcers

Causes

	1.	Physical and mental stress can also cause ulceration
	2.	Causes of gastric mucosa inflammation: Acidic foods Alcohol Smoking Stress Drugs

Drugs which causes gastric trouble

	1.	Aspirin
	2.	Nicotine
	3.	Corticosteroids
	4.	Erythromycin
	5.	Beta- Blockers

Symptoms

	1.	Constant Pain
	2.	Indigestion
	3.	Nausea
	4.	Vomiting
	5.	Loss of appetite
	6.	Diarrhea

Avoid

	1.	Hot Spicy foods
	2.	Alcohol
	3.	Smoking
	4.	Excessive eating
	5.	Large meals before bed
	6.	Fatty food
	7.	Pulse
	8.	Late nights

Treatment

	1.	Acute problems resolve spontaneously
	2.	Chronic problems should be treated
	3.	Drugs for treatment include: Antacids H2 antagonists Proton pump inhibitors
	4.	Timely meals releives pain due to ulcers
	5.	Consult - Gastroenterologist.

Gastroenteritis

Overview

	1.	Gastroenteritis is inflammation of stomach and intestines
	2.	Can affect- any one, any age, any time
	3.	Symptoms prominent in children
	4.	Depending on cause, it may last for a day or a week
	5.	Use of drugs like aspirin can increase the risk

Causes

	1.	Bacteria contaminated food / water
	2.	Viral infection
	3.	Stress
	4.	Irregular/ improper diet
	5.	Tobacco or substance abuse
	6.	Reaction to a new food
	7.	Reaction to medication

Symptoms

	1.	Vomiting
	2.	Nausea
	3.	Diarrhea
	4.	Cramps/Abdominal pain
	5.	Dehydration
	6.	Weakness
	7.	Fever/Chills, occasionally

Treatment

	1.	Adequate rest is advised
	2.	Drink plenty of fluids to prevent dehydration
	3.	Gradually eat easy -to-digest food
	4.	Avoid diary products
	5.	Avoid eating if nauseated
	6.	Do not give water to a child with gastroenteritis
	7.	Give other prescribed rehydration liquids
	8.	Or give a mixture of salt and glucose in water
	9.	Consider nursing the baby
	10.	Consider acetaminophen for relief
	11.	Avoid acetaminophen in case of liver disease
	12.	Avoid aspirin

Consult a doctor

	1.	Vomiting/Diarrhea persists
	2.	Diarrhea is bloody
	3.	Acute dehydration occurs
	4.	Fever persists

HEADACHE

Overview

	1.	A condition where pain occurs in the head
	2.	Most common of pain complaints
	3.	Majority of headaches harmless, require no treatment
	4.	Some are indications of an underlying disorder

Causes

	1.	Tension
	2.	Stress
	3.	Straining the eye
	4.	Sinus infection
	5.	Dehydration
	6.	Ice cream
	7.	Sex
	8.	Thunder
	9.	Withdrawal from caffeine/drugs
	10.	Brain related Aneurysms Tumours Meningitis Encephalitis Head injury

Types

	1.	Vascular headache e.g. - Migraine, fever headaches, high blood pressure Pain on one/both side of head Stomach upset Difficulty in seeing Common in women
	2.	Muscular headache e.g. Tension headache Tightening of facial/neck muscles Radiate to forehead
	3.	Cervicogenic headache e.g Spondylitis
	4.	Inflammatory headaches e.g Sinusitis

Treatment

	1.	Most headaches treated with pain killer
	2.	Common medications- actaminophen/parasitamol/aspirin
	3.	Tension headache treated by lowering body temperature This is achieved by taking a cool shower
	4.	If recurrent, keep a headache diary This helps to identify the cause
	5.	Chronic use of painkillers causes 'rebound headaches'
	6.	Complementary treatments like chiropractic care, effective

Consult a doctor

	1.	If - Headache is recurrent and persistent
	2.	If - Headache occurs with Fever/convulsions Memory loss/confusion Loss of consciousness Stiff Neck

Prevention

	1.	Caffeine, a vasoconstrictor, is used to prevent severe migraine
	2.	Supplements with magnesium, vit B12 and Q10 used for prevention

Head Trauma

Overview

	1.	Head trauma is an injury that affects the brain / skull
	2.	Injuries range from minor to serious
	3.	Head injury may be 'closed' or 'penetrating'
	4.	'Closed'-when head hits against a blunt object
	5.	These injuries lead to concussion
	6.	'Penetrating' - an object penetrates skull and enters brain

Causes

	1.	Road traffic accidents
	2.	Accidents at home / work
	3.	Assault
	4.	Fall
	5.	Sports

Symptoms

	1.	Loss of consciousness - for short or long duration
	2.	Bleeding
	3.	Vomiting
	4.	Fluid discharge from nose
	5.	Loss of hearing, vision, taste, smell
	6.	Speech-related problems
	7.	Irregular heart beat
	8.	Seizures
	9.	Paralysis
	10.	Coma
	11.	Change in personality
	12.	Mental health-related problems

Treatment

	1.	For mild injury- Apply ice to injured area to minimize swelling The size of the bump is not related to the severity of injury Observe the patient carefully for signs of bleeding
	2.	For moderate to severe injury- Check the patient's breathing pattern If necessary do Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) In case of bleeding, press area with a clean cloth If the cloth soaks, place a fresh cloth over the first one Do not remove debris from the wound If person is vomiting turn on the side and lower the head To minimize spine injury - hold head, neck and body in one line Immobilize the patient If unconscious, treat it like a spinal injury Keep the head in alignment with spine Get immediate medical help

Consult a Doctor

	1.	When the following occur seek medical help
	2.	Bleeding
	3.	Fluid discharge from nose, mouth, ears
	4.	Vomiting
	5.	Loss of consciousness
	6.	Confusion / Restlessness / Irritability
	7.	Slurred speech / Convulsion
	8.	Blurred Vision
	9.	Low breathing
	10.	Low blood pressure / Severe headache
	11.	Fracture / Stiff neck
	12.	Loss of sensory abilities
	13.	Inability to move one or more limbs

Steps to Avoid

	1.	Avoid shaking or moving a person who has head injuries
	2.	Avoid washing the wound or removing debris
	3.	Do not remove helmet in case of head injury
	4.	Do not consume alcohol immediately after a head injury
	5.	Do not pick up a fallen child with head injury

Prevention

	1.	Do not indulge in drunken driving
	2.	Practice safe methods while driving / sporting / other activities
	3.	Always follow safety rules
	4.	Supervise the activities of children

Heart Attack

What is heart attack?

	1.	Occurs when blood supply to vital organs gets blocked
	2.	>50years / menopausal women at greater risk
	3.	Occurs with / without chest pain
	4.	Sudden arrest of breathing / heart function
	1.	May result in cardiopulmonary arrest
	2.	Clot in the arteries blocks blood supply
	3.	Occurs due to: Deposits of calcium / cholesterol Hereditary factors Tobacco Obesity High blood pressure Emotional stress Inflammatory disease of arteries Trauma / disease of heart

Symptoms

	1.	Chest pain
	2.	Shoulder/arm pain
	3.	Shortness of breath
	4.	Sweating
	5.	Heartburn
	6.	Nausea
	7.	Abdominal pain

First aid

	1.	Try to relax
	2.	Loosen tight clothes
	3.	Take medicines if any
	4.	Pain subsides within 3 min of medicine intake
	5.	If not, see a doctor.
	6.	Give artifical respiration if required
	7.	Give Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR): If no pulse is detected By placing palm on chest to pump
	6.	15 pumps are followed by 2 artificial respiration
	7.	Continue till ambulance / doctor arrives

Prevention

	1.	Routine health check-up
	2.	Avoid stress
	3.	Quit smoking / alcohol
	4.	Eat sensibly
	5.	Control blood pressure / diabetes
	6.	Control weight

Heat Cramps

Overview

	1.	Heat exhaustion is a heat - related disorder
	2.	Here, loss of fluids takes place
	3.	This decreases blood flow to vital organs, leading to shock

Causes

	1.	Heat exhaustion caused by excessive heat
	2.	Increased by overexertion / sweating / hot, humid climate

Risk Factors

	1.	Poor circulation
	2.	Recurrent Illness
	3.	Medications like diuretics / laxatives / anti histamines / anti depressants
	4.	Young children and older people at risk, even when inactive

Symptoms

	1.	Weakness / dizziness
	2.	Headache / nausea
	3.	Cold / moist skin
	4.	Paleness
	5.	Dry tongue / thirst
	6.	Vomiting
	7.	Loss of appetite
	8.	Excessive sweating
	9.	Rapid / weak heart beat
	10.	Fast / shallow breathing
	11.	Muscle fatigue
	12.	Cramps

Treatment

Cooling the body

		Remove the person to a shady place
		Loosen tight-fitting clothing
		Remove extra clothes
		Cool the person by sponging with wet cloth / towel

Hydrating

		Give fluids like sports drink / fruit or vegetable juices
		Water containing electrolytes may be given
		Give fluid every 15-20 minutes
		Avoid coffee and alcohol

Consult A Doctor

	1.	If the symptoms don't clear up in 30 minutes
	2.	Seek emergency help in case of Physical collapse Loss of consciousness

Prevention

	1.	Do not indulge in drunken driving
	2.	Practice safe methods while driving / sporting / other activities
	3.	Always follow safety rules
	4.	Supervise the activities of children

Heat Exhaustion

Overview

	1.	Heat exhaustion is a heat - related disorder
	2.	Here, loss of fluids takes place
	3.	This decreases blood flow to vital organs, leading to shock

Causes

	1.	Heat exhaustion caused by excessive heat
	2.	Increased by overexertion / sweating / hot, humid climate

Risk Factors

	1.	Poor circulation
	2.	Recurrent Illness
	3.	Medications like diuretics / laxatives / anti histamines / anti depressants
	4.	Young children and older people at risk, even when inactive

Symptoms

	1.	Weakness / dizziness
	2.	Headache / nausea
	3.	Cold / moist skin
	4.	Paleness
	5.	Dry tongue / thirst
	6.	Vomiting
	7.	Loss of appetite
	8.	Excessive sweating
	9.	Rapid / weak heart beat
	10.	Fast / shallow breathing
	11.	Muscle fatigue
	12.	Cramps

Treatment

Cooling the body

		Remove the person to a shady place
		Loosen tight-fitting clothing
		Remove extra clothes
		Cool the person by sponging with wet cloth / towel

Hydrating

		Give fluids like sports drink / fruit or vegetable juices
		Water containing electrolytes may be given
		Give fluid every 15-20 minutes
		Avoid coffee and alcohol

Consult A Doctor

	1.	If the symptoms don't clear up in 30 minutes
	2.	Seek emergency help in case of Physical collapse Loss of consciousness

Prevention

	1.	Do not indulge in drunken driving
	2.	Practice safe methods while driving / sporting / other activities
	3.	Always follow safety rules
	4.	Supervise the activities of children

Heat Stroke

Overview

	1.	Heat stroke is the most severe of all heat-related illness
	2.	Heat stroke could be life - threatening

Causes

	1.	Cooling mechanism of the body fails due to Excessive humidity Extreme heat Activity in the hot sun
	2.	Internal body temperature rises, leading to stroke

Risk Factors

	1.	Dehydration
	2.	Infants & older people
	3.	People who work long hours, outdoor
	4.	Obesity
	5.	Impairment in sweat gland function
	6.	Cardiovascular disorder
	7.	Medications

Symptoms

	1.	Body temperature, greater than 1040F
	2.	Head ache
	3.	Dizziness
	4.	Confusion
	5.	Disorientation
	6.	Fatigue
	7.	Hot dry skin
	8.	Skin is moist, if stroke is due to exertion
	9.	Rapid / shallow breathing
	10.	Absence of sweating
	11.	Fluctuating blood pressure
	12.	Irritability
	13.	Confusion
	14.	Lack of consciousness / coma

Treatment

	1.	Remove the person to a shady place
	2.	Cool the person by sponging with wet towel
	3.	Apply ice packs in armpits and groin
	4.	Water with electrolyte, fruit / vegetable juice should be given
	5.	Victim must be rested

Prevention

	1.	Avoid outdoor activity during excessive heat
	2.	Drink plenty of fluids when working outdoors
	3.	During outdoor activity, splash your body frequently with water
	4.	Avoid alcohol / coffee / soda / alcohol
	5.	Wear light weight, light- colored, loose-fitting clothes
	6.	Protect yourself from the sun by wearing sun glasses and hat

Human Bites

Overview

	1.	Usually occurs when one person bites another
	2.	Comes in contact with another person's teeth
	3.	Can be more dangerous than animal bite
	4.	Human bites has increased risk of infection
	5.	This is due to microbes present in the mouth
	6.	Risk of injury to tendons and joints also present
	7.	Very common among children

Symptoms

	1.	Puncture wounds on skin
	2.	Skin Breaks
	3.	Cuts
	4.	Bleeding

Treatment

	1.	Calm the victim
	2.	If bleeding is not severe, wash the wound
	3.	Use a mild soap
	4.	Clean the wound in running water for 3-5 min
	5.	Apply an antibiotic cream
	6.	Dress the wound using sterile gauze
	7.	If the bleeding is severe, apply pressure to stop bleeding
	8.	Keep the wounded part in a slightly raised position
	9.	Get medical attention immediately
	10.	If not covered for tetanus - an injection is recommended

Consult a Doctor

All human bites must be evaluated by the doctor especially in case of-

Broken skin

Redness

Swelling

Pain

Pus formation

If wound occurs near eye, on the face

If victim has weak immune system (as in AIDS, Cancer)

Steps to Avoid

	1.	Do not ignore human bites
	2.	Avoid placing the wound in the mouth

Prevention

	1.	Avoid placing hand near the mouth of a seizure-affected person
	2.	Take caution to prevent your child from developing biting habit

Insect Bites and Stings

Overview

		Insect bites are, mostly, not severe
		Sometimes they cause a severe allergic reaction, anaphylaxis
		Anaphylaxis is life-threatening if not treated on time
		Sting of bees, wasps, hornets / bite of fire ants, painful
		Bites of insects, like mosquitoes, cause itching
		The bite of a black widow spider can be fatal, if left untreated

Causes

Examples of biting insects

		Mosquitoes
		Fleas
		Mites
		Spiders

Examples of stinging insect

		Bees
		Wasps
		Hornets

Symptoms

		Localized Pain
		Swelling
		Redness
		Itching
		Numbness
		Burning
		Tingling sensation
		Breathlessness
		Weakness

Treatment

		Remove the stinger using a straight- edged object
		Wash the area thoroughly with soap and water
		Place ice wrapped in a cloth on the affected area
		Repeat after every 10 minutes
		Apply a gentle cream to prevent itching
		Take anti histamines if necessary
		Observe for signs of infection like pain, redness or swelling

In case of emergency-

		Try to keep the person calm
		Check the person's breathing
		Remove constricting items, like rings, from finger/nose/ears
		Do Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation (CPR), if necessary
		If the person is carrying an emergency kit, use it
		If required, treat the person for signs of shock
		Seek medical help as soon as possible

Consult a Doctor in case of the following, seek medical help

		Wheezing
		Swelling on the face
		Difficulty in breathing
		Tight feeling in the throat
		Body turning blue

Steps to Avoid

		Do not remove the stinger using a tweezer
		Do not apply a tourniquet
		Aspirin, pain medications, should not be given unless advised by a doctor

Prevention

		Avoid placing hand near the mouth of a seizure-affected person
		Take caution to prevent your child from developing biting habit

Fainting

About Fainting

		Fainting occurs due to decreased blood supply to brain
		A fainting spell is usually very brief
		It may or may not have medical significance

Common Causes

		Anxiety
		Emotional upset
		Stress
		Severe pain
		Skipping meals
		Standing up too fast
		Standing for a long time in a crowd
		Some medications
		Diabetes
		Blood Pressure

Symptoms

Before fainting, a person may experience the following:

		Nausea
		Giddiness
		Excessive sweating
		Dim vision
		Rapid heart beat or palpitations

Treatment

		Fainting is a medical emergency, till proven otherwise
		When a person feels faint- Make them sit down or lie down
		If sitting, position head between knees
		When a person faints, position him on his back
		Check to see if airways are clear
		Restore blood flow by -Loosening clothing/belts/collars
		Elevate feet above head level
		Patient should become normal within a minute
		If not, seek medical help
		Check if breathing/pulse is normal
		If not, do Cardio-pulmonary resuscitation (CPR) Prevention
		When symptoms appear, lie down
		Try do avoid stress and anxiety
		Carefully evaluate your medications
		Take care of underlying medical conditions

Nose Bleed

Overview

		A nose bleed occurs when a small vein, along the lining of nose, bursts
		Most nosebleeds look scary, but are harmless
		Can be treated at home
		Common in children/elderly

Causes

		Dryness
		Nose picking
		Blowing nose with force
		Use of medications, like aspirin
		Introducing objects into nose (mostly children)
		Injuries
		Allergies
		Infections
		High BP
		Atherosclerosis
		Blood-clotting disorders
		Use of cocaine

Symptoms

		Bleeding from nose
		Sometimes bleeding from ears/mouth too

Types

Anterior Nosebleed

		Affects lower part of wall that separates nostrils
		The wall or septum contains blood vessels
		These can be broken by blow to nose/fingernail
		The bleeding starts from front of nose
		It flows outward when patient is sitting/standing
		Occurs during dry season/harsh winter

Posterior Nosebleed

		The bleeding starts deep within the nose
		It flows down the back of the mouth & throat
		This happens even when the person is sitting/standing
		Occurs in old people/those with high BP/injuries
		This type of bleeding is severe/ requires medical help

Treatment

		If your nose bleeds,
		Sit down and lean forward
		Using your thumb & index finger, squeeze soft part of nose
		This part is between end of nose and the bridge of nose
		Continue holding till bleeding stops-
		Do not stop in-between
		If bleeding continues, hold for another 10 minutes
		If the patient is a child, divert attention by TV/Stories
		Avoid picking, blowing or rubbing nose for 2 days
		Place an ice pack on the bridge of nose

Consult a Doctor

		The bleeding continues for more than 15 minutes
		The bleeding is caused by an injury
		You get nosebleeds often

Prevention

		Keep fingernails short
		Quit smoking
		Open your mouth while sneezing
		Use a humidifier at night in case of dry weather

Poisoning

Overview

		Poisons are substances that cause injury, illness or death
		These events are caused by a chemical activity in the cells
		Poisons can be injected, inhaled or swallowed
		Poisoning should be suspected if a person is sick for unknown reason
		Poor ventilation can aggravate Inhalation poisoning
		First aid is critical in saving the life of victims

Causes

		Medications
		Drug overdose
		Occupational exposure
		Cleaning detergents/paints
		Carbon mono oxide gas from furnace, heaters
		Insecticides
		Certain cosmetics
		Certain household plants, animals
		Food poisoning (Botulism)

Symptoms

		Blue lips
		Skin Rashes
		Difficulty in breathing
		Diarrhea
		Vomiting/Nausea
		Fever
		Head ache
		Giddiness/drowsiness
		Double vision
		Abdominal/chest pain
		Palpitations/Irritability
		Loss of appetite/bladder control
		Numbness
		Muscle twitching
		Seizures
		Weakness
		Loss of consciousness

Treatment

		Seek immediate medical help
		Try and identify the poison if possible
		Check for signs like burns around mouth, breathing difficulty or vomiting
		Induce vomiting if poison swallowed
		In case of convulsions, protect the person from self injury
		If the vomit falls on the skin, wash it thoroughly
		Position the victim on the left till medical help arrives
		Seek immediate emergency help
		Get help before you attempt to rescue others
		Hold a wet cloth to cover your nose and mouth
		Open all the doors and windows
		Take deep breaths before you begin the rescue
		Avoid lighting a match
		Check the patient's breathing
		Do a CPR, if necessary
		If the patient vomits, take steps to prevent choking

Steps to Avoid

		Avoid giving an unconscious victim anything orally
		Do not induce vomiting unless told by a medical personnel
		Do not give any medication to the victim unless directed by a doctor
		Do not neutralize the poison with limejuice/honey

Prevention

		Store medicines, cleaning detergents, mosquito repellants and paints carefully
		Keep all potentially poisonous substances out of children's reach
		Label the poisons in your house
		Avoid keeping poisonous plants in or around house
		Take care while eating products such as berries, roots or mushrooms
		Teach children the need to exercise caution

Puncture Wounds

Overview

		Puncture wounds are injuries caused by sharp objects
		These wounds carry dirt and germs deep into the tissues
		Increases the risk of infection
		Most wounds are minor and may be treated at home
		Some punctures are made by a health professional for disease treatment
		Even if the wound is closed, puncture wounds require treatment

Risk Factors

		Health professionals
		Drug Abusers

Causes

		Nails
		Needles
		Teeth
		Objects like ice picks, bullets
		Animals, especially pets

Symptoms

		Pain
		Bleeding
		Bruising
		Swelling

Treatment

		Stop the bleeding applying gentle pressure
		Clean the wound
		Try to remove embedded debris carefully
		Soak wound in warm water for 20 minutes
		This should be done 2-3 times a day
		Pat the area dry
		Apply an antibiotic cream
		Apply a bandage
		If the bandage needs to be changed, unwrap carefully
		If the bandage sticks to the body, use warm water to loosen itching
		Pat dry and apply fresh bandage
		Change the dressing regularly
		Try to keep the wound above the level of your heart, for 24 hrs
		This quickens healing
		Rest for 3-5 days
		Look out for infection
		Take a Tetanus Toxoid injection, if you have not taken it in 5 years

Consult a Doctor

		Human/animal bite
		High temperature
		Bleeding
		Worsening Pain
		Numbness
		Swelling
		Redness
		Pus
		Bad odor

Prevention

		Health professionals should wear gloves whenever required
		Be careful while handling needles/other sharp objects
		Exercise caution while handling pets

Severe Bleeding

Overview

		Severe bleeding involves loss of large amount of blood
		This may occur externally through natural openings, like mouth
		A cut on the skin too can lead to bleeding
		Internal bleeding occurs due to an injury to blood vessel

Causes

Accidents/Falls

Blow to the head

Injuries, like scalp wounds

Tooth Extraction

Certain medications

Illnesses like

		Hemophilia
		Scurvy
		Cancer
		Thrombocytopenia
		A plastic Anemia
		Leukemia
		Hemorrhage
		Peptic Ulcer
		Platelet Disorder
		Liver Disease
		Septicemia

Symptoms

		Discharge of blood from a wound
		Bruising
		Blood in stool/urine
		Blood coming from other areas, like mouth/ear

Treatment

		Wash hands well before administering to patient
		Wear synthetic gloves
		Make the victim lie down
		Slightly elevate the legs
		If possible keep the affected area elevated
		Remove any obvious debris/particle
		Apply direct pressure using clean cloth/bandage
		Use hand if cloth is not available
		Apply pressure continuously for at least 20 minutes
		Do not remove the cloth to check the bleeding
		Hold the bandage in place using an adhesive tape
		If bleeding seeps through bandage, do not remove it
		Add extra bandage on top of the first one
		Apply direct pressure on the artery if necessary
		The pressure points for arm--below arm- pit/above elbow
		For leg--behind knee/near groin
		Squeeze the artery keeping finger flat
		Continue applying pressure on the wound
		Once bleeding stops immobilize the affected part
		See a doctor

Consult a doctor

		If bleeding does not stop
		If bleeding occurs through nose, ears etc
		Coughing up blood
		Vomiting
		Bruising/deep wounds
		Abdominal tenderness
		Fracture
		Shock

Steps To Avoid

		Do not try to replace a displaced organ
		Just cover the wound with a clean cloth
		Do not try to remove an embedded object

Shock

Overview

		Shock is a life-threatening condition
		When vital organs fail to get enough blood, shock results

Causes

		Severe infections
		Allergic reactions
		Heat Stroke
		Trauma
		Poisoning
		Injury

Symptoms

		Cool, clammy skin
		Lackluster eyes
		Dilated pupils
		Vomiting/nausea
		Feeling weak
		Confusion
		Excitement
		Anxiety
		Shallow/ slow breathing or rapid/ deep breathing
		Weak and rapid pulse

Treatment

Get emergency medical help. Meanwhile-

		Make the person lie down on the back
		Raise the legs above head level
		If raising the legs is painful, keep the person still
		Check for breathing
		If not breathing, do Cardio pulmonary Resuscitation (CPR)
		Make the person comfortable by loosening tight clothes
		Cover the person with a blanket
		If vomiting or bleeding from mouth -turn the patient on the side
		Do not feed the person orally

Prevention

		Learn ways of preventing shock
		If you have a known allergy, carry emergency kits
		Teach family and friends how to use the kit

Snake Bites

Overview

		Thousands suffer from snake bites, globally, every year
		People who live near wilderness/trekkers - more prone
		Even bite from a harmless snake can cause allergic reaction

Causes

Some common venomous snakes include -

		Viper
		Cobra
		Rattle snake
		Water moccasin
		Coral snake
		Copper head

Symptoms

		Fang marks
		Swelling/severe pain at the site
		Bloody discharge from wound
		Burning
		Diarrhea
		Excessive sweating
		Blurred vision
		Numbness/tingling sensation
		Increased thirst
		Vomiting
		Fever
		Loss of muscle co-ordinations
		Convulsions
		Rapid pulse
		Weakness/Dizziness/Fainting

Treatment

Seek Medical help as soon as possible. Meanwhile -

Wash wound with soap/water

Immobilize the affected area

Keep area slightly elevated

Apply cool compress/wet cloth to affected part

Apply a firm bandage 2-4 inches above bite to

		Prevent venom from spreading
		Take care of any bleeding

Monitor for pulse, respiration and blood pressure

Prevention

		Do not attempt to kill a snake.
		If you spot a snake, leave it alone
		While hiking or in the woods, stay out of tall grass
		Do not put your hand into pits/crevices during treks
		Exercise caution while climbing rocks

Spinal Cord Injury

Overview

		Spinal cord injury is otherwise called 'myelopathy'
		It results in an injury to the nerve fibers in the cord
		Can cause loss of physical sensation and mobility
		Spinal cord remains intact in most of the injuries
		Complete injury causes no movement/sensation below injury
		Incomplete injury-retains some movement/sensation below injury
		Physical therapy, ventilators, wheel chairs often required

Causes

Automobile accidents

Diving accidents

Falls

Shot by a gun

Conditions like

		Polio
		Tumor
		Spina Bifida
		Friedreich's Ataxia

Symptoms

		Loss of sensation
		Loss of motor functions
		Loss of bowel/bladder functions
		Sexual function can get affected
		Loss of involuntary functions, like breathing
		Inability to control rate of heart beat
		Inability to sweat
		Chronic pain

Treatment

Seek medical help or call for an ambulance as soon as possible. Meanwhile-

		Move the person, if surrounding is not safe
		Immobilize the head, neck and body on both sides
		Movements may dislocate vertebra and cause further injury
		If there is no sign of breathing, perform CPR
		Do not tilt head backward during CPR

Prevention

		Always wear a seat belt while driving
		Use special seat belts for children and babies
		Do not drink and drive
		Do not dive into a shallow pool area

Sprain

Overview

		Sprain is the stretch/tear of ligament connecting bones
		Occurs in both the upper & lower part of the body
		Most common sites - ankle/wrists/knee

Causes

		Trauma/accidents
		Lifting heavy objects
		Sporting injuries

Symptoms

		Pain
		Swelling
		Lumps other than swelling
		Bruising/redness at site of injury
		Numbness
		Inability to move the joint

Treatment

		Apply a cold compress to injured area for 20 min
		This may be done 4-8 times a day
		Use a plastic bag with crushed ice, wrapped in a towel
		Use compression bandages to reduce swelling
		Keep the injured leg elevated on a pillow
		Take anti inflammatory pills if necessary
		Take rest for the recommended period
		When pain/swelling is diminished, do recommended exercises

Consult a doctor

If the following occurs-

		Severe pain/numbness
		Inability to move the joint
		Inability to assess the severity of injury

Steps To Avoid

If the following occurs-

		Do not return to normal activities if not completely cured
		This could lead to the problem turning chronic

Prevention

		Avoid exercising/sporting when tired
		Eat a well balanced meal-for healthy muscles
		Avoid unhealthy weight gain
		Exercise daily-particularly stretching exercises
		Do warm-up before exercising
		Practice safety measures, like avoiding clutter
		Run on even surface
		Do not wear ill-fitting shoes

Stroke

Overview

		Stroke is also called 'Cerebrovascular Accident'
		It is an acute neurological injury
		It may be due to blood clot (ischemic) or bleeding (hemorrhagic)
		Leads to stoppage of blood supply to a part of brain
		Oxygen supply is decreased
		This initiates 'ischemic cascade'-causes brain cell death/damage
		This results in a cerebral stroke

Causes/Risks

		High Blood Pressure
		Diabetes
		Cigarette smoking
		Heart Disease

Symptoms

		Numbness/weakness of an arm/leg/face/one side of body
		Sudden confusion in speaking/understanding speech
		Impaired vision in one or both eyes
		Sudden headache
		Loss of balance/co-ordination
		Dizziness

Treatment

		If you suspect stroke, call emergency medical help
		Reassure the patient
		Lay the patient down with head and shoulders slightly elevated
		If patient is not breathing well do a CPR
		Place the patient on the left side if breathing/not responsive
		Keep the chin slightly extended

Steps To Avoid

		Never give a suspected stroke victim anything to eat/drink
		Do not permit the victim to move/td>

Prevention

		Do regular checkups for BP
		Eat food with less salt
		Exercise regularly
		Eat a balanced, healthy diet
		Take the BP pills regularly

Sun Burn

Overview

		Sunburn is a burn of the skin
		Results from overexposure to the sun
		Normal exposure results in the production of Vitamin D
		Most of us become sun burnt at some time in life
		Sunburn causes a lot of discomfort
		It can cause premature ageing/cancer
		Common in children/young adults

Causes

		Sun's ultraviolet rays during outdoor activities
		Tanning beds

Risk factors

		Light-skinned or fair-haired people
		Recent exposure to sun
		Prior skin injury
		Infections like Herpes, Porphyria
		Certain Medications like antibiotics, anti-psoriatic drugs

Symptoms

The skin injury begins within 30 minutes of exposure to the sun

		Redness of the skin
		Irritation
		Blisters
		Pain
		Skin burning
		Skin loss
		Dehydration
		Flu-like symptoms
		Infection
		Fever
		If very severe, shock leading to death may occur

Treatment

Self-Help

Get out of the sun

Cover the exposed area

Take a cool bath

Use a cool compress available commercially like, Burow solution

		Dissolve solution in one pint of water
		Soak a gauze or clean cloth in it
		Wring it well
		Apply to sun burnt area for 20 minutes
		Change the cloth and solution every 2 hours

Apply aloe-based solution

Avoid using oils, bath salts, perfumed lotions etc

Avoid scrubbing/shaving

Use a gentle towel

Stay out of the sun while sun burnt

Consult a Doctor

In case of-

		Pain
		Headache/confusion
		Blisters
		Nausea/vomiting
		Loss of consciousness
		Sunburn being present along with other medical condition

Prevention

		Wear hats, long-sleeved dress, long pants while out in the sun
		Try to avoid exposure to sun
		Use sun-block creams during exposure to sun
		Select a suitable SPF number for the sun block cream
		Sun Blocks should be reapplied every 2-3 hours
		Avoid tanning beds

Tick Bite

Overview

		Ticks are small, insect-like creatures
		They may be small or as large as the size of an eraser
		They are usually found in the fields and woods
		They attach themselves to humans/ pets /other animals
		Once on the body, they move to other warm, moist areas
		Favorite haunts include hair, armpit and groin
		Once firmly attached to the body, they begin to suck blood
		They can cause harmless or harmful conditions

Symptoms

		Rashes, redness, itching
		Swelling at the site
		Muscle/joint pain
		Inflammation of the joints
		Swollen lymph node
		Flu-like symptoms
		Fever

Symptoms that need emergency treatment--

		Severe headache
		Chest pain
		Palpitations
		Difficulty in breathing
		Paralysis

Treatment

		Remove the tick carefully by holding head, using a tweezer
		Remove the whole tick
		Do not crush the tick
		Put the tick into a bottle and seal
		This is to provide your doctor with information
		Use soap and water to wash the affected area
		Wash your hands thoroughly
		Seek medical help if you are unable to remove the tick

Prevention

		When walking in woods or tall grass wear clothes and shoes that cover you fully
		Keep the shirt tucked into pants
		Pull socks over the pants to cover feet well
		Wear light-colored clothes to spot ticks easily
		Spray insect repellents on your clothes
		While outside, check your clothes frequently for ticks
		On your return home, inspect yourself thoroughly for ticks

Tooth Ache

Overview/Causes

		Tooth ache is primarily caused by tooth decay
		Bacteria flourishes on sugar/starch in food particles inside mouth
		A sticky plaque is then formed on teeth surface
		The bacteria in the plaque produces acid
		This acid erodes the enamel or hard covering of the teeth
		This creates a cavity
		The first sign of tooth decay is tooth ache
		This occurs on eating something very cold/very hot/sweet
		Tooth ache can also be caused by injury/trauma
		Tooth ache can occur in children and adults

Symptoms

Pain in the tooth radiates to jaw, cheek, ear

		Pain while chewing
		Increased sensitivity to hot/cold things
		Swelling in the jaw
		Discharge/Bleeding from tooth or gums

Treatment

		Use a floss to remove any particle lodged between teeth
		Learn flossing from a dentist
		Take a pain relieving tablet
		Apply benzocaine containing antiseptic
		Applying clove oil also might help
		Do not place aspirin directly against the gums
		This might lead to burning of gum tissue

Consult a Doctor

		Tooth ache persists
		Fever occurs with the ache
		Difficulty in breathing occurs
		Difficulty in swallowing occurs

Prevention

		Brush teeth after every meal
		Floss regularly
		Visit your dentist twice a year
		Wear a mouth gear while playing
		Avoid smoking as it worsens dental conditions
		Eat a balanced meal with reduced starch/sugar content

Tooth Loss

Overview

		Tooth loss can happen due to various factors
		Occurs both in adults and children
		In some cases it can be prevented

Causes

		Injuries,
		Trauma

Predisposing conditions:

		Thumb sucking,
		Mouth breathing
		Pacifier usage
		Poor oral hygiene/Tooth decay
		Mismatched jaw/teeth
		Genetic factors

Symptoms

		Pain
		Blood loss/discharge
		Feeling of weakness

Treatment

Seek a dentist's help on an emergency basis. To replace the fallen tooth, follow these steps-

		Gently hold the fallen tooth by the top
		Do not touch the roots
		Rinse the tooth gently
		Avoid running water
		Try to replace tooth in socket
		If you cannot replace, place it in whole milk or your saliva
		You may also place it in mild salt solution-1/4 tsp salt in 1 quart water

Prevention

		While sporting, wear a mouth guard
		Treat gum disease at the earliest
		Take care of teeth by brushing/flossing regularly
		Use an antiseptic mouth wash regularly

Electric shock

Overview

		Injuries caused when electric current passes through body
		Source may be natural or man-made

What happens during electric shock?

		Makes you fall down
		Muscle contraction
		Seizures
		Dehydration
		Burns
		Fractures
		Clotting of blood
		Tissue death (narcosis)
		Respiratory/Heart/Kidney failure

Steps to follow

		Do not attempt to move the victim from current source
		First step is to switch off the current source
		Otherwise, move the source using a wooden stick
		Attend to the victim
		Check for breathing
		No breathing, do Cardio pulmonary resuscitation (CPR)
		Call emergency medical aid
		If breathing, do a physical examination
		Treat for minor burns
		Re-establish vital functions
		Excessive burns may require hospitalization/ surgery
		Supportive care must be provided

Prevention

		Proper design, installation, maintenance of electric devices
		Educating the public regarding electrical devices
		Keep electrical gadgets out of children’s reach
		Learn to respect electricity and electrical devices

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